RESUMO
BackgroundRapid antigen detection tests (RDT) are an easily accessible, feasible, inexpensive, and point-of-care method in SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics - established in adults as well as in children and adolescents. Despite this, large-scale data of clinical performance in the paediatric population especially regarding the influence of SARS-CoV-2 virus variants of concern (VOC) and COVID-19 vaccination on test accuracy is rare. MethodsThis single-centre prospective diagnostic study evaluates three RDT (NADAL(R), Panbio, MEDsan(R)) in comparison to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). 9,760 oropharyngeal screening samples regarding SARS-CoV-2 VOC and COVID-19 vaccination in paediatric hospitalised patients aged younger than 18 years were enrolled. FindingsRDT sensitivity was 44{middle dot}7% (157/351, 95% CI 39{middle dot}6%-50{middle dot}0%) compared to the reference standard RT-qPCR, specificity 99{middle dot}8% (9,392/9,409, 95% CI 99{middle dot}7%-99{middle dot}9%). Most SARS-CoV-2 infections considered were caused by Omicron VOC. Diagnostic accuracy of RDT depended on specimen containing viral load with a decreasing RDT sensitivity by descending viral load, corresponding with a significantly impaired sensitivity in asymptomatic children. A sensitivity of 71{middle dot}0% was obtained for a viral load higher than 106 SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies per ml suggested as infectivity threshold. No significant differences in RDT sensitivity could be observed regarding gender, symptoms, COVID-19 vaccination status, and VOC. InterpretationIn a paediatric population, RDT have proven to reliably detect potentially highly infectious patients with a viral load of at least 106 SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies per ml. Due to the low sensitivity in asymptomatic individuals, the usefulness of RDT seems limited in large-scale SARS-CoV-2 screening programs. FundingFederal Ministry for Education and Science (BMBF), Free State of Bavaria
RESUMO
BackgroundAntigen rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 are fast, broadly available, and inexpensive. Despite this, reliable clinical performance data is sparse. MethodsIn a prospective performance evaluation study, RDT from three manufacturers (NADAL(R), Panbio, MEDsan(R)) were compared to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in 5 068 oropharyngeal swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital setting. Viral load was derived from standardized RT-qPCR Cycle threshold (Ct) values. The data collection period ranged from November 12, 2020 to February 28, 2021. FindingsOverall, sensitivity of RDT compared to RT-qPCR was 42{middle dot}57% (95% CI 33{middle dot}38%-52{middle dot}31%), and specificity 99{middle dot}68% (95% CI 99{middle dot}48%-99{middle dot}80%). Sensitivity declined with decreasing viral load from 100% in samples with a deduced viral load of [≥]108 SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies per ml to 8{middle dot}82% in samples with a viral load lower than 104 SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies per ml. No significant differences in sensitivity or specificity could be observed between the three manufacturers, or between samples with and without spike protein variant B.1.1.7. The NPV in the study cohort was 98{middle dot}84%; the PPV in persons with typical COVID-19 symptoms was 97{middle dot}37%, and 28{middle dot}57% in persons without or with atypical symptoms. InterpretationRDT are a reliable method to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection in persons with high viral load. RDT are a valuable addition to RT-qPCR testing, as they reliably detect infectious persons with high viral loads before RT-qPCR results are available. FundingGerman Federal Ministry for Education and Science (BMBF), Free State of Bavaria Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSWe searched PubMED an MedRxiv for articles including "COVID-19", "COVID", "SARS-CoV-2", "coronavirus" as well as "antigen detection", "rapid antigen test", "Point-of-Care test" in title or abstract, published between January 1, 2020 and February 28, 2021. The more than 150 RDT on the market at the end of February 2021 represent a huge expansion of diagnostic possibilities.1 Performance of currently available RDT is evaluated in several international studies, with heterogeneous results. Sensitivity values of RDT range from 0{middle dot}0%2 to 98{middle dot}3%3, specificity from 19{middle dot}4%4 to 100{middle dot}0%.2,5-14. Some of this data differs greatly from manufacturers data. However, these previously published performance evaluation studies were conducted under laboratory conditions using frozen swabs, or in small cohorts with middle-aged participants. Comparable RDT performance data from large-scale clinical usage is missing.5-19 Added value of this studyBased on previous examinations the real life opportunities and limitations of SARS-CoV-2 RDT as an instrument of hospital infection detection and control are still unclear as well as further study results are limited in transferability to general public. Our findings show that RDT performance in daily clinical routine is reliable in persons with high viral for punctual detection and isolation of infectious persons before RT-qPCR become available. In persons with lower viral load, or in case of asymptomatic patients SARS-CoV2 detection by RDT was unsuccessful. The general sensitivity of 42{middle dot}57% is too low to accept the RDT in clinical use as an alternative to RT-qPCR in diagnosis of COVID-19. Calculated specificity was 99.68%. The results are based on a huge study cohort with more than 5 000 participants including a representative ages structure with pediatric patients up to geriatric individuals, which portrays approximately the demographic structure of the local society. Implications of all the available evidenceDue to the low general sensitivity RDT in clinical use cannot be accepted as an alternative but as an addition to RT-qPCR in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. The benefit of early detection of highly infectious persons has to be seen in context of the effort of testing and isolation of false positive tested persons.
